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The Energy Use Intensity (EUI) metric is easy to calculate if you know your building's annual energy use. The most accurate way is to look at your energy bills. Take the total annual amount of energy used and divide it by the total floor area of the house or building:
EUI [kbtu/sf/year] = Annual Energy Use [kbtu/year] / Area [sq.ft]
Before using this metric in analysis, we need to understand the difference between the gross EUI and net EUI metrics and what they indicate.
The gross EUI reflects the total building's energy demand and includes all available sources: electricity, natural gas, renewables, and delivered fuels. No matter from what sources your energy comes, the building will require a certain amount of energy for annual operation, and this is what is accounted. Thus, the gross EUI will depend on the efficiency of the building envelope, design, and purpose. At the same time gross EUI will not be dependent on the type of energy you choose, it will only depend on the characteristics of the building itself.
For example, if House A uses grid electricity, natural gas for heating, and has a solar module to provide some of the electric needs, all of those sources need to be included in the equation:
Gross EUI (House A) = (E(elec) + E(gas) + E(solar)) / Area
Even though the solar energy contribution is free (generated on site), it still works to balance the energy demand of the house.
If the neighboring House B has the same design and energy demand, but uses only grid electricity to meet its energy needs, its Gross EUI will be expressed as follows:
Gross EUI (House B) = E(elec) / Area
The value of the Gross EUI of the two houses will be the same or close.
The Net EUI reflects the difference between the gross energy demand and on-site generation. This is the metric that can characterize a building on the net zero scale. In this case we need to define the Renewable Production Intensity (RPI), which is essentially all energy supplied by on-site renewable sources, primarily solar, in kbtu/year divided by the total floor area of the building.
Following up on the example above:
RPI (House A) = E(solar) / Area
RPI (House B) = 0
Then we can express the Net EUI as follows:
Net EUI (House A) = Gross EUI – RPI = (E(elec) + E(gas)) / Area
Net EUI (House B) = Gross EUI – RPI = Gross EUI
In case of House B, since there is no on-site generation, the gross EUI is equal to net EUI. In case of House A, the net EUI will be lower since we exclude onsite renewable generation. In the marginal case, when all energy demand of the house is met by on-site renewable generation, Net EUI = 0, i.e. we have the net-zero energy balance.
In case of a grid-bound solar system, the electricity bill will reflect the net kilowatt-hours taking into account consumption and on-site generation. So the easy way to calculate the Net EUI would be just using your utility bills for purchased energy:
Net EUI = E(elec) + E(gas) / Area
To calculate EUI in kbtu/sf/year (this is how it is presented in the LEED studies), you need to convert your energy units from all sources to kbtu and present the area in square feet.
The following conversion factors can be used:
- Electricity (both grid and onsite solar): 1 kWh = 3.412 kbtu
- Natural gas: 1 therm = 100 kbtu
- Fire wood for space heating: 20,000 kbtu/cord*
*Note: energy content of fire wood would depend on the type of wood and vary. The given value is an average that can be used as first approximation.
Self-check questions:
1. Mr. Morningstar uses 50,400 kbtu of energy a year at his residence of total area 1,800 square feet. What is the Gross EUI of his house?
- (A) 50,400
- (B) 32
- (C) 28
- (D) 16
Click here for explanation to this question
2. Mr. Morningstar installed a solar module on his roof, which now supplies 50% of his annual energy need. How did the Gross EUI of his house change?
- (A) Decreased 2 times
- (B) Increased 2 times
- (C) Did not change
- (D) Impossible to answer
Click here for explanation to this question
3. Next, Mr. Morningstar installed additional insulation in his house and new air-tight windows, which decreased the house's energy demand 2 times. How did the Gross EUI change?
- (A) Increased 2 times
- (B) Decreased 2 times
- (C) Did not change
- (D) Impoassible to answer
Click here for explanation to this problem
4. Based on the conditions described in questions (1)-(3), does Mr. Morningstar have a net-zero house?
- (A) Yes (or close)
- (B) No, half way to go from his original point
- (C) Impossible to answer
Click here for explanation to this problem
It should be noted though, that within a certain month during the year, the net-zero condition may or may not be achieved. For example, in winter higher energy demand for heating may not be matched by seasonally decreased solar generation. At the same time, extra energy generated over the summer months would be fed to the grid and can be used to offset the winter deficit.
5. Mr. Morningstar decided to live in the tent all the way through the summer. What is the gross and net EUI of his dwelling? Explain.
Click here for explanation to this question
Weather-normalized EUI
What if we have two buildings of similar size located in different climate zones? One – in Minnesota and the other – in California. The first building has EUI of 28 and the second has EUI of 20. Would it be fair to say that the second building is more energy efficient?
As the matter of fact the first building may require more energy through the year not because of its inefficiency, but due to much higher heating load. After all it is placed in much more severe environment and has to withstand much more drastic temperature gradients, especially in the winter time.
To provide a fair comparison of the buildings in this case, we can use weather-normalized EUI. This is the metric that takes into account the weather, specifically heating and cooling needs, which can be expressed as heating degree days (HDD) and cooling degree days (CDD).
If you never heard of heating and cooling degree days, please check out this link. Those are common measures used to estimate the heating and cooling capacities needed for a building. Degree days indicate for how many days the outside temperature stays below or above the reference point of 65 F (this is the standard temperature by convention!). Degree days can be counted for any time period – a day, a month, or a year. Let me give you a short example.
Today's average outside temperature (mean between the low and high) in my hometown State College PA is 40 F. It is below the standard temperature, so I can count heating degree days as follows:
HDD = (65F – 40F) x 1 day = 25 [deg F.day]
If on a summer day, the average outside temperature is 70 F, which is above the standard temperature, I can count the cooling degree days for that day as:
CDD = (70F – 65F) x 1 day = 5 [deg F.day]
These numbers indicate how much energy I may need to spend for heating or cooling on a specific day. Adding the HDD and CDD for the entire year would give me a measure of energy demand to expect for the heating and cooling season. Typical annual degree day counts for my Middle Atlantic region are HDD 5780 and CDD 877, according to U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA).
Let us come back to the case of two houses placed in different climate zones. We are going to compare data for those two locations in the table:
| Location | EUI (house) [kbtu/sq.ft/yr] | HDD | CDD | Total DD | Weather-normalized EUI [btu/sq.ft/yr/deg.day] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Minnesota | 28 | 6969 | 1134 | 8103 | 3.5 |
| California | 20 | 3168 | 1006 | 4174 | 4.8 |
From this calculation we see that the house in California in fact spends more energy per degree day than one in Minnesota to keep the temperature at the comfort level. So the ultimate conclusion is that the building envelope of the first house is more energy efficient.
The above-discussed metrics for house energy efficiency will be included in your lesson activity, so you will have a chance to apply those to your own residence and compare it to others.
Self-check question
Calculate weather-normalized EUI for a building located in Atlanta, GA, if its annual energy use is 75,000 kWh and its floor area is15,000 sq.ft.
Tip: first try and see if you can solve it in your notes before checking the answer
Click here for solution
SOLUTION:
This is multistep problem. First you need to convert energy units from kWh to kbtu:
75,000 kWh/yr x 3.412 kbtu/kWh = 255,900 kbtu/yr
Then we divide by square footage of the building to find EUI:
EUI = 255,900 kbtu/yr / 15,000 sq.ft. = 17.06 kbtu/sq.ft/yr
Now we need to relate it to the total degree days in Georgia: based on EIA's map:
HDD + CDD = 2630 + 2413 = 5043
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Finally, weather-normalized EUI = 17.06 kbtu/sq.ft/yr x 1000 btu/kbtu / 5043 deg.day = 3.38 [btu/sq.ft/yr/deg.day]
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